Mohammad Daud Beureu'eh (1899-1987), from Aceh (Sumatra), was a religious reformer, revolutionary leader, and eventual rebel against Jakarta (1953-61). Mohammad Daud was educated entirely in religious schools in his native Pidie District, in Aceh, Sumatra. An outstanding orator and mobiliser open to new currents in religious education, he began in 1930 to establish reformist schools under the name Jamiatul Diniyah. The popular following aroused by his sermons helped create a religious network outside the control of the ulèëbalang (territorial aristocracy) through whom Dutch indirect rule had operated