Background. Background: Conventional Statistics. Statistics Used in Adaptive Clinical Trials. Specific Requirements for Adaptive Trials. Adaptive Randomization and Allocation. Sample Size Reestimation. Traditional Dosing. Adaptive Dosing. Interim Analysis and Adaptive Termination of Study and Study Arms. Adaptive Changes in Study Design and Decision Rules. Seamless Designs and Adaptive Clinical Trial Conduct. Analysis and Interpretation of Results. Index.