عنوان

Pharmacology of the Eye

شابک

3642692222

شابک

3642692249

شابک

9783642692222

شابک

9783642692246

شماره

b553867

عنوان اصلي

Pharmacology of the Eye

نام عام مواد

[Book]

نام نخستين پديدآور

edited by Marvin L. Sears.

محل نشرو پخش و غیره

Berlin, Heidelberg

نام ناشر، پخش کننده و غيره

Springer Berlin Heidelberg

تاریخ نشرو بخش و غیره

1984

عنوان فروست

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Continuation of Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie,, 69.

متن يادداشت

1 The History of Ophthalmic Therapeutics With 7 Figures --;References --;2 Ocular Pharmacokinetics With 20 Figures --;Abbreviations --;A. Introduction --;I. Objectives --;II. Compartments and Barriers --;III. Routes of Administration and Penetration --;1. Topical Administration --;2. Local Injection --;3. Systemic Administration --;IV. Animal Models and Human Experimentation --;1. Animal Models --;2. Human Experiments --;B. Topical Administration --;I. Factors Involved in Intraocular Penetration --;1. The Tears and Contact with Ocular Surface --;2. Corneal Penetration --;3. Conjunctiva and Sclera --;4. Intraocular Structures --;5. Metabolism of Drugs During Intraocular Penetration --;II. Compartmental Analysis --;1. Compartmentation --;2. Two-Compartment Model --;3. Tear Patterns --;4. Other Compartments --;5. Kinetics of Ocular Responses to Drugs --;6. Parameter Determination --;III. Conclusions and Recommendations --;C. Local Injections --;I. Subconjunctival --;1. Regurgitation --;2. Depot Dynamics --;3. Aqueous Humor Concentration --;4. Entry Pathways --;5. Vitreous Penetration --;6. Retrobulbar Injection --;II. Intravitreal Injection --;1. Diffusion in Vitreous --;2. Loss from the Vitreous Chamber --;3. Drug Kinetics --;4. Application to Humans --;D. Systemic Administration --;I. Intraocular Drug Penetration --;1. Structures Related to Entry from Blood --;2. The Blood-Vitreous Barrier --;3. Chemical Factors in Drug Penetration --;4. Drug Distribution in the Eye --;II. Compartmental Analysis --;1. Formulation of Aqueous Humor Dynamics --;2. One-Compartment Approximation --;3. Changes in Aqueous Concentration --;4. Kinetics of Intracameral Penetration --;5. Penetration into the Vitreous --;6. Penetration into the Cornea and Lens --;III. Conclusions and Recommendations --;E. Kinetics in Ocular Disease --;I. Inflammation and its Models --;II. Effects on Ocular Parameters --;1. Permeability --;2. Active Transport --;3. Vasomotor Effects --;III. Effects on Drug Kinetics --;1. Topical Application --;2. Systemic Penetration --;3. Periocular Injection --;4. Intravitreal Injection --;F. Conclusion --;References --;3 Biotransformation and Drug Metabolism With 25 Figures --;A. Introduction --;B. Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Systems --;I. Microsomal Electron Transport Systems (Phase I Enzymes) --;1. Cytochrome P-450 --;2. NADPH · Cytochrome P-450 Reductase --;3. Cytochrome b5 and NADH · Cytochrome b5 Reductase --;II. Reactions Catalyzed by the Cytochrome P-450 System --;1. Oxidative Reactions --;2. Reductive Reactions --;III. Conjugation Reactions (Phase II Reactions) --;1. Glucuronidation --;2. Sulfation --;3. Acetylation --;4. Conjugation with Amino Acids --;5. Methylation --;6. Conjugation with Glutathione --;IV. Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes --;C. Ocular Drug Metabolism --;I. Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction in the Eye --;II. Tissue Distribution of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Eye --;III. Drug Toxicity --;An Experimental Approach --;D. Concluding Remarks --;References --;4 Cholinergics With 11 Figures --;A. Chemistry Related to Biological Activity --;I. Cholinergic Neurotransmission --;II. Direct-Acting Agonists --;1. Muscarinic Agents --;2. Nicotinic Agents --;III. Indirect-Acting Agonists: Anticholinesterases --;1. Carbamates --;2. Organophosphorous Compounds --;B. Ocular Anatomy/Physiology Relevant to Cholinergic Mechanisms: Acute Effects of Cholinergic Drugs --;I. Lacrimation --;II. Cornea --;III. Lens --;IV. Pupillary Movement and Accommodation --;V. Aqueous Humor Formation, Removal, and Composition; Blood-Aqueous Barrier --;1. Basic Anatomy and Physiology --;2. Acute Effects of Cholinergic Drugs --;VI. Retina --;VII. Oculorotary and Respiratory Skeletal Muscles --;C. Longer-Term Effects of Cholinergic Drugs or Altered Cholinergic Neurotransmission --;I. Cholinergic Sensitivity in Ocular Smooth Muscles --;1. Physiologically and Pharmacologically Induced Alterations --;2. Disease-Induced Alterations --;3. Surgically Induced Alterations --;II. Cholinergic Toxicity --;1. Lens (Cataractogenesis) --;2. Iris/Ciliary Muscle/Trabecular Meshwork --;References --;5 a Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic Agonists With 21 Figures --;A. Introduction --;B. Cellular Sites and Mechanism of Adrenergic Action --;C. Modulation and Interaction of Receptor Types --;D. Sensitivity --;E. Stereoisomerism --;F. Storage, Release, and Degradation --;I. Monoamine Oxidase --;II. Catechol-O-methyltransferase --;G. Pharmacokinetics --;I. Penetration --;II. Distribution and Accumulation --;III. Duration --;IV. Action of Drugs on Intraocular Pressure --;H. Tissue Functions --;I. Lacrimal Gland --;II. Cornea and Lens --;III. Iris --;J. Blood Flow --;K. Intraocular Pressure --;L. Other Interactions --;I. Guanyl Cyclase --;II. Steroids and Adrenergics --;III. Adrenergics and Prostaglandins --;IV. Adrenergics and Ocular Pigment --;M. Retina --;References --;5b Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic Antagonists --;A. Introduction --;B. Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists --;I. Animal Pharmacology --;1. Intraocular Pressure --;2. Aqueous Humor Dynamics --;3. Interactions with Beta-Adrenergic Receptors in the Eye --;4. Mechanisms of Action on Intraocular Pressure --;5. Ocular Penetration and Distribution --;6. Other Ocular Pharmacology --;II. Clinical Pharmacology --;1. Intraocular Pressure --;2. Aqueous Humor Dynamics --;3. Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade in the Eye --;4. Mechanisms of Action --;5. Ocular Penetration --;C. Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists --;I. Animal Pharmacology --;1. Selective Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists --;2. Alpha- and Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (Labetalol) --;II. Clinical Pharmacology --;References --;6 Carbonic Anhydrase: Pharmacology of Inhibitors and Treatment of Glaucoma With 10 Figures --;A. History --;B. Pharmacology of the Clinically Used Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. --;C. Physiology of Ocular Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition --;I. Aqueous Humor Dynamics --;II. Aqueous Flow --;III. Relation to Pressure --;IV. Chemical Mechanisms of Flow --;V. Relation to Systemic Effects --;VI. Pharmacology of the Inhibitors Related to Ocular Effect and Enzyme Inhibition --;D. Clinical Uses of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors --;I. Glaucoma --;II. Miscellaneous Uses and Effects --;E. Urolithiasis with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors --;F. Other Toxic Effects --;G. Summary --;References --;7 Autacoids and Neuropeptides With 5 Figures --;A. Introduction --;B. Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane, and Lipoxygenase Products --;I. General Background --;II. Occurrence and Biosynthesis in the Eye --;III. Elimination --;IV. Effects in the Eye --;1. Blood Flow --;2. Blood-Aqueous Barrier and Formation of Aqueous Humor --;3. Intraocular Pressure --;4. Outflow of Aqueous Humor --;5. Iridial and Ciliary Smooth Muscles --;6. Miscellaneous Effects --;V. Interaction with the Autonomic and Sensory Nervous Systems in the Eye --;VI. Pathophysiological Considerations --;1. Immediate Response to Injury of the Eye --;2. Inflammation of the Eye --;3. Other Disorders in the Eye Possibly Involving Prostaglandins --;C. Histamine --;I. General Background --;II. Occurrence and Effects in the Eye --;III. Pathophysiological Considerations --;D. 5-Hydroxytryptamine --;I. General Background --;II. Occurrence and Effects in the Eye --;E. Plasma Kinins --;I. General Background --;II. Effects in the Eye --;F. The Renin-Angiotensin System --;I. General Background --;II. Occurrence in the Eye --;G. Substance P --;I. General Background --;II. Distribution in the Eye --;III. Effects in the Eye --;1. Retina --;2. Iridial Smooth Muscles --;3. Ocular Circulation and Blood--Aqueous Barrier --;4. Intraocular Pressure --;5. Formation and Outflow of Aqueous Humor --;H. Enkephalins --;I. General Background --;II. Occurrence and Effects in the Eye --;J. Neurotensin --;K. Hypothalamic Peptides Regulating the Adenohypophysis --;I. Somatostatin --;II. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone --;III.

متن يادداشت

Luteinizing-Hormone-Releasing Hormone --;L. Peptide Hormones Secreted by the Neurohypophysis --;I. General Background --;II. Effects of Antidiuretic Hormone in the Eye --;III. Effects of Oxytocin in the Eye --;M. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones --;I. Effects in the Eye --;N. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide --;I. General Background --;II. Localization and Effects in the Eye --;O. Glucagon --;P. Gastrin/Cholecystokinin --;Q. Summary --;References --;8 Vitamin A With 6 Figures --;A. Introduction --;B. Retinoid Structure --;C. Retinoid Properties --;D. Retinoid Identification --;I. Spectral Methods --;II. Fluorescence Methods --;III. Colorimetric Methods --;IV. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography --;E. Retinoid Metabolism --;F. Retinoid Uptake --;G. Retinoid Action --;I. The Visual Process --;II. Glycoprotein Biosynthesis --;III. Hormone-like Action --;References --;9 Anti-Infective Agents --;A. Introduction --;B. Accurate Diagnosis and Drug Choice --;I. Mechanisms of Action --;II. Penetration and Absorption --;1. Protein and Tissue Binding --;2. The Blood-Aqueous Barrier --;3. Physicochemical Influences --;4. Aqueous and Uveoscleral Outflow --;III. Limiting Factors --;1. Age --;2. Renal Disease --;3. Liver Disease --;4. Enzymes --;5. Pregnancy --;6. Ocular Damage and Disease --;IV. Routes of Administration --;1. Topically Applied Antibiotic Drops --;2. Continuous Corneal Lavage with Antibiotic Solutions --;3. Subconjunctival Injections of Antibiotics --;V. Use of Antibiotics in Combination --;1. Prevention of Emergence of Drug-Resistant Mutants --;2. Treatment of Mixed Infections --;3. Initial Treatment of Vision-Threatening Infections --;4. Antibiotic Synergism and Antagonism --;VI. Adverse Drug Interactions --;C. Postoperative Intraocular Infections (Endophthalmitis) --;I. Incidence --;II. Results of Therapy --;III. Contributory Factors --;1. Sources of Infection in the Surgical Environment --;2. Ophthalmic Operative Area --;3. Influence of Host Tissue --;4. Organisms Responsible.

متن يادداشت

With contributions by numerous experts

عنوان اصلي به زبان ديگر

With contributions by numerous experts

موضوع مستند نشده

Medicine.

موضوع مستند نشده

Pharmacy.

موضوع مستند نشده

Toxicology.

مستند نام اشخاص تاييد نشده

edited by Marvin L. Sears.

مستند نام اشخاص تاييد نشده

Marvin L Sears

نام الکترونيکي

نوع ماده

[Book]

تكميل شده

Y